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Once the fabric type is identified, a pre-treatment solution is applied to loosen dirt and break down stains. This is followed by the deep-cleaning stage, which may involve hot water extraction (commonly referred to as steam cleaning), low-moisture cleaning, or dry-cleaning techniques, depending on the material. Hot water extraction is the most widely used method, as it injects hot water and cleaning solution deep into the fibres before extracting it along with dirt, bacteria, and allergens. This method is particularly effective for heavily soiled upholstery and is safe for most fabrics.